Since the mid 1980s, the Dennisons have also drawn from the work of Howard Gardner and Thomas Armstrong on multiple intelligences (Visioncircles Teacher's manual, 1986) and, more recently, Armstrong's work on neurodiversity. In its emphasis on active learning, Edu-K further embodies elements from the educational philosophy of John Holt ( How Children Fail), Jerome Bruner (the spiral curriculum), and Carl Rogers (student-centered learning). The Dennisons say that Edu-K draws from the educational philosophy of Jean Piaget and the sensory-integration works of educators Maria Montessori, Anna Jean Ayres and pediatrician Arnold Gesell, as well as the work of movement pioneers F.M. They define Edu-K as "learning through movement". They call their field of study, which they founded during this period, "Educational Kinesiology" (Edu-K). Dennison began a teaching and writing partnership with Gail Hargrove, later to become Gail Dennison. led him to extrapolate this information into quick, simple, task-specific movements." These movement "solutions" became Brain Gym. Later his familiarity with research from behavioral optometry and sensorimotor training showed the effects of movement upon learning ". Initially Dennison used Touch for Health muscle testing to assess sensory and neurological stress. In 1975, at the University of Southern California, Paul received the Phi Delta Kappa award for Outstanding Research he was granted a Doctorate in Education for his research in beginning reading achievement and its relationship to cognitive development and silent speech (thinking) skills. Seeing how even successful classroom learners were often tense from relying on primarily one-sided motions, he sought simple ways to teach both coordination and differentiation of movement in the classroom. He realized how some learners used one-sided motions (such as handwriting) at the expense of the non-dominant side, rather than in coordination with it. In the early 1970s, Dennison observed how challenged readers at his learning centers had less access to whole-body movement and postural awareness than more adept readers. Constance Amsden, Director of the Malabar Reading Project for Mexican-American Students, which focused on the development of individual sensory modalities (visual, auditory, and tactile skills) for reading instruction. He worked in East Los Angeles with the innovative educator Dr. Dennison worked as a public school teacher and reading specialist in the 1960s, researching more effective ways to help children and adults with learning difficulties. What became the Brain Gym program began when Paul Dennison took John Thie's Touch for Health training around 1970.
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